Month: December 2023

Deadly Dogma:  Revisiting the Farallon Islands Unnecessary Eradication Project

“The more we know about plans to eradicate harmless mice on the Farallon Islands with rodenticide, the less sense it makes.” – Conservation Sense and Nonsense

Plans to eradicate mice on the Farallon Islands with rodenticide were approved by the California Coastal Commission (CCC) two years ago, on December 16, 2021.  Although CCC approval was contingent on a few conditions intended to reduce the inevitable death of non-target birds and marine animals, it is unclear if CCC will be able to enforce the conditions. Plans seem to be moving forward behind closed doors, so Conservation Sense and Nonsense continues to be concerned about this project. 

First a brief reminder of the project and our objections to it.  House mice were introduced to the Farallon Islands over 100 years ago by ships visiting the island.  There is no evidence that mice harm birds on the Farallons.  The mice are an integral part of the food web, eating primarily vegetation and supplementing that diet with insects during summer months when vegetation is sparse.  The mice are also the prey of hundreds of thousands of birds that live on the islands as well as birds that stop over on their migratory routes.  The mouse population varies throughout the year, dwindling during winter months and increasing in the fall.  When the mouse population declines, food sources for their predators also decline.  That’s when burrowing owls are said to prey on the nestlings of ashy storm petrels.  Though the mice are blameless, the project proposes to kill them all based on the assumption that burrowing owls will not overstay their migratory stop over if food sources are significantly reduced.  The project is expected to kill hundreds—perhaps thousands—of non-target birds who will eat poisoned pellets directly and/or poisoned mice.

The project has always seemed absurd and nothing we’ve learned about it in the past 2 years has made it seem otherwise.  Our last article of 2023 will report new information learned since the project was approved.

Contamination of the food web

Robert Boesch is a retired Pesticide Regulator for the Environmental Protection Agency, region 9 and the Hawaii Department of Agriculture.  Presently, he is Visiting Colleague at University of Hawaii at Manoa.  Based on his research and experience, he has written a discussion paper about island eradications using rodenticides, which he has shared with the California Coastal Commission and many other agencies and organizations.  This entire discussion document is available below as a footnote and this is his summary of “Eradication Programs Eliminating Invasives and their Predators and Scavengers!”

  • Eradication programs for mice and Polynesian Rats are planned for the Farallon Islands, Midway and Wake Island.
  • Brodifacoum, a potent, persistent and bioaccumulative anticoagulant poison is the toxicant. [This is the rodenticide that will be used on the Farallon Islands to kill mice. There are no rats on the Farallons.]
  • Brodifacoum residues have been detected in almost all fish that were collected following treatment of Palmyra, and trace levels were found in 10 percent of the fish after treatment of Wake.
  • Brodifacoum residues in fish caught at Wake increased from trace levels to detectable residues over 3 years.
  • Diphacinone is a greater threat of secondary poisoning to mammals than brodifacoum.
  • Strandings of whales, some hemorrhaging, occurred within 60 days following anticoagulant bombardment.
  • Unusual mass strandings of hemorrhaging dolphins occurred in San Diego and Hawaii years after anticoagulant bombardment.
  • There is very little known about the fate of anticoagulant residues in the oceans.

Our knowledge of contamination of the food web caused by rodenticide drops on islands is limited because monitoring is usually short-term and frequently done by the same contractors who implemented the project, with little motivation to report the extent or persistence of contamination.  For the same reasons, we have limited knowledge of how successful the projects are.

Track record of island eradications

About 1,200 island eradications have been done all over the world over the last 30 years.  Our evaluation of the proposed project on the Farallon Islands is based on the success or failure of those projects.

The aerial application of rodenticide to kill rats on Anacapa Island in 2001-2002 was the first of its kind in North America.  The project was also unique because it was complicated by the need to spare a population of endemic native deer mice on Anacapa.  Over 1,000 native mice were captured before the aerial application of rodenticide and released back on the island after the poison was no longer effective.  Although post-project monitoring reported successful eradication of rats, they were not confident that all of the mice that were left on the island had been killed. (1)

Attempts to eradicate mice have been consistently less successful than attempts to eradicate rats.  A study of 139 attempted eradications of animals on 107 Mediterranean islands in eight countries found that eradication projects targeted 13 mammal species. The black rat was the target of over 75% of the known attempted eradications in the Mediterranean Basin. The most widely used technique was poisoning (77% of all eradications), followed by trapping (15%) and hunting (4%).  Techniques were largely target-specific.

The average failure rate of the projects was about 11%, but success was defined only as the death of animals living on the islands at the time of the project. However, this percentage varied according to species. The failure rate of house mouse eradication was 75%. Reinvasion occurred after 15% of eradications initially considered successful. (2)

Island eradications considered initially successful, are often failures in the long run.  A recent visitor to Anacapa Island has reported seeing two dead rodents as her escorted group was leaving the island. One was identified as a deer mouse. The other rodent was not identified. Have rats returned to Anacapa?  Are native deer mice still being killed by residues of rodenticide? (3)

The eradication of rats on Anacapa Island is relevant to the planned project on the Farallon Islands because rats were killed, but mice were saved.  Although the Anacapa project considered rats a threat to birds, it did not consider mice a problem.  Rats were killed, but mice were saved by trapping and removing them from the island before the rodenticide was dropped.  Mice on the Farallon Islands are not a threat to birds.  They will be killed only because they are non-native.

Mice are members of the food web

Mice on the Farallon Islands are as much a part of the food web as they are on Anacapa Island.  They are prey of the birds and they are mainly predators of vegetation.  On the Farallon Islands, mouse predation of vegetation is considered a problem, but on Anacapa Island it is not considered a problem.  On the Farallon Islands, the study of the diet of mice reports that mice also eat insects when vegetation becomes scarce in the fall.  (4)

The study of the mouse diet on the Farallons also reports that 63%-80% of the vegetation on the Farallons is non-native.  That’s why Roundup (glyphosate) has been used on the Farallon Islands every year since 1988.  Between 2001-2005, an average of 226 gallons of herbicide were used annually (5.4 gallons per acre per year), according to the annual report of the Farallon National Wildlife Refuge. (5)

I took this photo on Santa Cruz Island in 2010, while visiting with an escorted group.

The Farallon Islands have never been inhabited and there has been no public access to the islands for over 100 years.  Non-native plants were not brought to the Farallons by humans.  Their seeds were brought by birds in their stomachs, in their feathers, on their feet and by wind and ocean currents.  Non-native plants dominate vegetation on the Farallons partly because non-native plants are eaten by birds.  The plants are members of the food web and their eradication is depriving birds and other animals in the ecosystem of food.  If non-native plants were not being eradicated with herbicides, it probably would not be necessary for mice to eat insects, which are not their preferred food.  We can safely assume that herbicides are harmful to the animals that consume plants that have been sprayed. (6)

Consequences of fiddling with the food web

There were also feral cats on the Farallons before they were killed.  Predictably, the population of mice increased after the cats were killed.  When 6,000 feral pigs were killed by sharp shooters on Santa Cruz Island, Golden Eagles substituted for that plentiful food source by preying on the rare, native Channel Island Fox.  Golden Eagles were captured and relocated to the mainland.  The fox population was restored to the island by a captive breeding problem.  The same could be done on the Farallons to eliminate the only known threat to ashy storm petrels.  The small population (approximately 6-10) of burrowing owls that are the only known predators of the petrels could be trapped and removed to the mainland as the Golden Eagles were on Santa Cruz Island.

Restoration plans for any ecosystem should begin with a thorough analysis of the food web.  Plucking single species of plants and animals out of complex ecosystems without understanding their role in the food web results in unintended and harmful consequences.

The Farallons project is based on mistaken assumptions

The Farallons project is based on the mistaken assumptions of invasion biology.  Most of the vegetation on the island is being killed with herbicide because it is non-native.  The vegetation is clearly essential to all the animals living on the island, but invasion biology asks us to believe that it is not, solely because it is non-native.  If the mice are killed on the island, it is only because they are non-native, not because they are harmful to birds.  They are an important source of food for the birds, but invasion biology asks us to believe they are not, solely because they are not native.  These assumptions are wrong, yet 50 years of nativist ideology still has a death grip on our public lands. 

This deadly dogma is losing its grip, but apparently too slowly to prevent the destruction of the food web on the Farallon Islands.  I always attend the conferences of the California Invasive Plant Council (Cal-IPC) and the California Native Plant Society (CNPS) to give native plant advocates every opportunity to convince me of their ideology.  Consistently, I find more support for my contrarian viewpoint than I do for invasion biology.  A presentation about the salt marsh harvest mouse at the Cal-IPC conference in October 2023, is an example.

California Department of Fish and Wildlife collaborated with UC Davis to study the food preferences of salt marsh harvest mouse (SMHM), an endangered native animal that lives in the wetlands of the San Francisco Bay. It has always been presumed to be entirely dependent on native pickleweed for food and habitat. The legally mandated recovery plan is based on that mistaken assumption.

Presentation to California Invasive Plant Council conference in October 2023

The study reported to Cal-IPC shows clearly that SMHM is NOT dependent on pickleweed for either food or habitat. SMHM is an extreme omnivore. SMHM ate 39 species of native and non-native plants as well as insects in empirical trials. In fact, it ate EVERY plant it was offered. A fecal study of SMHM living in the wild confirmed that finding. Fecal analysis found SMHM had eaten 48 native and non-native plant genera as well as some insects.

Presentation to California Invasive Plant Council conference in October 2023

SMHM have no preference for native plants for either food or nesting habitat. The most SMHM’s captured in the study were found where there was less than 10% pickleweed.

This was an absurdly simple experiment in which SMHM were captured and fed a variety of plants. It could have been done by anyone with little knowledge or fancy equipment. Why does this foolish mistake, caused by nativist bias, matter? Because “restoration” projects all around the San Francisco Bay have been eradicating non-native plants, claiming it would benefit the endangered SMHM.

For example, the spartina eradication project has been hunting for and poisoning hybrid spartina marsh grass for nearly 20 years, as well as planting pickleweed for SMHM. Since herbicides are used to kill non-native plants before pickleweed is planted, there’s little doubt that SMHM populations were harmed by the eradication of their food and shelter, if not directly harmed by the pesticides that are used.

Nativism in the natural world is not benefiting wildlife. Rather it seems to benefit only the army of “restorationists” who earn their living killing harmless plants and animals.  As long as they continue to receive public funding for their projects, they have job security because they have spent over 20 years trying to do something that cannot be done. Evolution moves inexorably forward. The puny efforts of humans to regress landscapes to arbitrarily selected historical standards cannot change the forward trajectory.

There were two presentations about difficulties with native plant restorations on Anacapa and Santa Rosa Islands at the CNPS conference in October 2022.  More than 20 years after non-native iceplant, rabbits, and rats were killed on Anacapa, native flora and fauna are still described as degraded, “Due to the cumulative and severe impacts to the soil and native seedbank, native vegetation communities have not recovered on their own…”  On Santa Rosa Island the “restoration” community has installed artificial fog fences to replicate a historical cloud forest to improve survival of native chaparral plants. (7)

Alternatives to rodenticide drop on Farallon Islands

It is not necessary to kill mice on the Farallon Islands because they are not harmful to birds.  If non-native vegetation weren’t killed with herbicides, there would probably be enough vegetation for omnivorous house mice as well as birds.  Both mice and vegetation are being killed only because they are non-native.  If the nativist ideology were removed from the agenda, dumping rodenticides on mice and herbicides on non-native vegetation would not be necessary.

If the protection of ashy storm petrels really were the goal of the proposed project on the Farallon Islands, the most obvious solution would be to remove the small population of burrowing owls that are the only known predators of the petrels.  Keep in mind that ashy storm petrels are not considered threatened or endangered and that two applications for protected status have been denied. (8)

There is a non-lethal alternative to reducing populations of rodents using rodenticides that kill non-target birds and other animals.  Academic scientists at Arizona State University have developed birth control for rodents that can be used on the Farallons to reduce the population of mice.  (WISDOM Good Works)

In Summary

Killing house mice on the Farallon Islands with rodenticide is unnecessary and will be harmful to the ecosystem and its inhabitants because:

  • Aerial dropping 1.5 tons of rodenticide will poison the entire ecosystem, killing hundreds of non-target birds and marine animals.
  • House mice on the Farallon Islands do not need to be killed because they are food for birds and they are harmless.
  • If burrowing owls are killing nestlings of ashy storm petrels, they could be removed and relocated.
  • The nearly 40-year attempt to kill non-native vegetation with herbicide should be stopped because the vegetation is a vital element in the food web of the Farallon Islands.

Happy Holidays and thank you for your readership.

boesch-contamination-of-marine-mammals-by-rodenticide-2Download
  1. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/eradication-of-black-rats-rattus-rattus-from-anacapa-island/F1E46767D0EEC9A6357D414DD84ABE28
  2. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/mam.12190
  3. https://myricopia.com/2023/11/21/anacapa-island-conservation/
  4. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.23.481645v1.full
  5. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1XoPcS104SeOUIyfbPT_NbardctNyWAgs/view
  6. https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/opinion-glyphosate-20220617.pdf “As to ecological risk, it finds potential risks to animals and plants and ‘requires’ mitigation in light of those risks, laying out specific language for glyphosate product labels.”
  7. https://www.nps.gov/chis/learn/nature/cloud-forest.htm
  8. https://www.endangeredspecieslawandpolicy.com/u-s-fish-and-wildlife-service-denies-endangered-species-act-protection-for-ashy-storm-petrel

https://wisdomgoodworks.org/2023/10/611/

Redefining Ecological Restoration

“Urban Jungle is breathtaking in its scope, both geographic and temporal… I can say I probably learned more per page in Urban Jungle than in any other book I have read at all recently.” –Professor Art Shapiro

As climate change makes many places uninhabitable, there is a new urgency to restore natural habitats damaged by human activities. 

After a lengthy and contentious battle, the European Union narrowly voted to make a commitment to restore 20% of nature areas on land and sea within their borders.  Farmers were the primary opposition to making this commitment, claiming it would severely reduce their ability to produce sufficient food.  6,000 scientists from several countries disagreed:  “They argued that in the long term, it was climate change and nature degradation that constituted the highest threat, and that the proposed policy would ensure sustainable food production.” (1)

The Biden administration has issued an executive order to conserve 30% of US lands and oceans by 2030.  This 30X30 commitment has been funded by the State of California and is in the early stages of implementation.  In the US, the commitment to “restore” land is often interpreted as a commitment to destroy non-native species with pesticides with the goal of restoring native plants and animals. 

“Restoration” could mean something entirely different and a recently published book, Urban Jungle:  The History and Future of Nature in the City, invites us to redefine restoration in a very different way.  In a nutshell, Urban Jungle proposes to let nature heal itself without a preconceived goal to replicate historical landscapes that aren’t adapted to the climate and the challenging conditions of the urban environment.  Left to its own devices, nature creates novel ecosystems, plant communities that are biodiverse and self-sustaining. 

World War II created a case study of novel ecosystems

When World War II ended in 1945, the Potsdam Agreement determined that Germany would be occupied by the allies that won the war:  United States, United Kingdom, France, and Soviet Union.  The map of post-war Germany (see below) shows the division of Germany among the allies.  The white portion of the map was administered by the Western Allies and the gray portion of the map by the Soviet Union.  Berlin (in red) was deep in Soviet controlled East Germany and was likewise divided into East and West Berlin.  The Soviet Union did whatever it could to isolate West Berlin by restricting access routes to West Berlin and ultimately building a wall around it in 1961.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License

Berlin was heavily bombed during the war and was largely a pile of rubble at the end of the war.  While other European cities were able to clear the rubble within a few years, West Berlin could not because the Soviets would not let them dispose of rubble outside city limits. 

The physical isolation of West Berlin and the restricted access of the population to the countryside turned West Berlin into an ecological island.  Scientists in West Berlin, with few other opportunities to pursue their interests in botany and ecology, studied and recorded the transition of many tons of building rubble into novel ecosystems populated by whatever plants could find their way there and survive the challenging conditions.  West Berlin was physically isolated from 1945 until the reunification of West and East Germany in 1990, creating a unique opportunity to study natural succession in an urban setting when nature is left alone for nearly 50 years. 

One of the first pioneer plants in West Berlin arrived with the Ukrainian army in the hay brought to feed their horses.  Salsola collina, a tumbleweed, is native to southern Russia and central Asia.  Its arrival was a preview of what was to come, a landscape that would be radically different from the pre-urban landscape.  The plants best adapted to the harsh conditions of the ruined city were hardy non-native species.

Non-native plants that thrived in West Berlin were more tolerant of higher temperatures in an urban setting, where hard surfaces absorb more solar radiation, buildings block the wind, and greater pollution traps heat.  This is known as the heat island effect.  By the 1960s, the temperature in Berlin was on average over 4⁰F higher than the surrounding countryside.

Südgelände Nature Park in Berlin was a railway yard that was abandoned in 1952 as a result of the division of East and West Berlin.  By 1984 there were 334 ferns and flowering plants and many animals, birds, and insects living in the park.  It is a novel ecosystem that was shaped by human activities then left to natural processes. It remains as a nature park today because the people of Berlin fought against developing it into a train station again. They had come to love its wild beauty during their long confinement during the Cold War and they weren’t willing to give it up. Source: Südgelände Natur Park

The naturally evolving novel ecosystems in West Berlin were also surprisingly biodiverse.  Where natural succession was allowed to occur over many years, 140 different plant species and 200 insect species were found in the 21st Century.  In nearby Tiergarten Park, which is carefully maintained as a park, only one-quarter as many insects were found in an area of comparable size.  By the end of the 20th century, 1,392 naturalized plant species were growing in Berlin, compared to 822 in the 18th century. 

21st Century equivalent to World War II

Climate change is the 21st Century equivalent of World War II in its potential to cause death and destruction.  Climate change will create similar requirements to restore environments that are destroyed.  Urban settings will be particularly vulnerable to the consequences of climate change because they are population centers and they are already compromised by urbanization. 

Tidal estuaries and wetlands are one of many ecosystems that are threatened by climate change, as sea-levels rise in a warming climate and intensity and frequency of storms increases flooding.  These threats are greater in urbanized areas because most of our largest cities were built on coastlines and rivers at a time when transportation and shipping was easier by water than by land.

Historically, cities were protected from storms by surrounding marshlands that filtered and cleansed runoff from the land, polluted by human waste. But as cities grew, marshlands were often destroyed to create more land.  In many cases, the landfill was composed of the garbage produced by city-dwellers. 

The closure of urban garbage landfills and the restoration of wetlands to buffer the city from the rising sea and extreme weather events is another opportunity to redefine restoration as a natural process that uses the healing powers of nature.  Urban Jungle uses Fresh Kills Landfill in New York City as an example of restoring nature by leaving it alone.

Historical map of Freshkills Park in 1912, before it was a landfill garbage dump. Source: https://www.nycgovparks.org/park-features/freshkills-park/about-the-site

Fresh Kills was a tidal estuary and marshland on the west side of Staten Island in New York City.  It was opened as a landfill to accept residential garbage in 1948.  By 1986 it had reached peak volume, receiving 26,000 tons of residential garbage per day.  When it was closed in March 2001, the garbage was from 90 to 225 feet tall, weighing 150 million short tons.  It was reopened in September 2001 to accept about one-third of the rubble from the collapse of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001.  It was the largest garbage landfill in the world when it finally closed.

Fresh Kills Landfill is now in a 30-year process of being restored as a park, renamed Freshkills Park.  The garbage was capped (see below) and methane produced by the decomposing garbage is being captured and used to heat about 22,000 homes on Staten Island. 

Source: https://www.nycgovparks.org/park-features/freshkills-park/about-the-site

The productive wetland ecosystem that was destroyed by the landfill cannot be restored.  Instead, a new ecosystem will slowly emerge on top of the toxic garbage.  The process began by seeding the slopes of garbage with fast-growing plants that were then plowed repeatedly back into the soil to add organic matter.  Then tough native grassland species were planted to provide habitat for initial colonizers, such as insects, small mammals and birds.  Now that basic conditions for life have been established, what happens next is in the hands of nature:  “Freshkills Park will be reclaimed by whatever species are attracted to the foundation of grasses.  Nature will do the bulk of the work, not human beings.  Biodiversity will steadily build as winds and birds bring seeds to the site.  This process of spontaneous successional growth is how nature rebounds from natural disasters such as forest fires, earthquakes, volcanic activity and climate upheaval.  Only in the case of Freshkills Park, the disaster was humanmade.” (2)

View of Downtown Manhattan from Freshkills Park. Licensed by Creative Commons

Getting off the pesticide treadmill

Allowing nature to heal the places humans have damaged is also an opportunity to get off the pesticide treadmill.  The natural process of succession does not require the use of herbicides to eradicate non-native plants that arrive naturally on the wind, in water currents, and in the stomachs of animals and birds.  When all plants are welcome, there is no need for herbicides and there is more biodiversity that supports more animals and is more resilient as the climate changes in unpredictable ways. 

In a place like Freshkills Park, it would defeat the purpose of turning a toxic landfill into a park public to use herbicides, insecticides, or rodenticides.  New York City banned the use of most pesticides in its public parks in 2021.   

In 2019, France banned the use of glyphosate-based herbicides for non-agricultural use.  The French city of Blois imposed the ban before the national ban was adopted:  “A study published in 2019 found more than 300 species of urban plants sprouting out of the pavements of the French city of Blois, which had recently phased out glyphosate weedkiller.”  (2)

Allowing nature to “manage” our public parks, makes them safer for us and for wildlife as well as more biodiverse than human management that wages a never-ending war on so-called “invasive” plants. There are more bees and bee species in cities than in surrounding countryside because there is more available food in its diverse vegetation:  “Analysis of honey from a bee in Boston, Massachusetts, found it had pollen taken from 411 different species of plants; nearby country honey contained traces from just eighty-two plants.  Cities are islands of biodiversity compared to rural monocultures, with a bigger and more diverse source of nectar even than nature reserves and forests…”  (2)

The takeaway message

Successful restoration of damaged land will take these facts into consideration:

  • Many hardy non-native plants are better adapted to challenging urban conditions than native plants: “If native plants can’t hack it in the metropolis, their place should be taken by specialist species drawn from around the world that find niches in the various microclimates of the concrete jungle.”  (2)
  • A diverse landscape of native and non-native plants is more resilient in a changing, variable, and unpredictable climate.
  • Novel ecosystems created by natural succession are more biodiverse than their historical predecessors.
  • When pesticides are used to kill non-native plants, disturbed land is damaged further and is even less likely to support a native landscape.  Killing non-native plants with herbicide also reduces biodiversity. 

(1) https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/12/climate/europe-nature-restoration-law.html?searchResultPosition=1

(2) Urban Jungle:  The History and Future of Nature in the City, Ben Wilson, Doubleday, 2023